![]() ![]() ![]() Corruption data usually comes from either direct observation (e.g. The unethical and often illegal nature of corruption makes measurement particularly complicated. ![]() Two such examples are the sale of parliamentary seats in ‘rotten boroughs’ in England before the Reform Act of 1832, and ‘machine politics’ in the US at the turn of the 19th century (Aidt 2003). While long-run data on corruption is very limited, historical examples suggest that corruption has been a persistent feature of human societies over time and space. Other, often more subtle and sometimes even legal examples of corruption include lobbying and patronage. Classic examples include bribery, clientelism, and embezzlement. However, at the core of most definitions of corruption is the idea that a corrupt act implies the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. This entry presents available data and empirical evidence on corruption-an important problem imposing political, economic, and environmental costs on societies around the world.Ĭorruption is a phenomenon involving many different aspects, and it is therefore hard to give a precise and comprehensive definition. ![]()
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